@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref22606, author = {Sebastian Kvist and Christopher Edward Laumer and Juan Junoy and Gonzalo Giribet}, title = {A further contribution to the phylogeny and systematics of Nemertea: increased sampling for Hubrechtidae and Plectonemertidae, and phylum-wide barcoding gap detection}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Nemertea, Phylogeny, Hubrechtidae, Plectonemertidae, Pilidiophora, DNA barcoding}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Notwithstanding that some clades of ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) are consistently recovered with high support in molecular phylogenies, the placement and interrelationships of some taxa (e.g., ?paleonemertan? hubrechtids, and terrestrial and freshwater taxa) has proven problematic. Herein, we performed phylogenetic analyses, using increased hubrechtid and plectonemertid sampling conjoined with a large sampling of other nemertean taxa (133 terminals in total) for six loci (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histones H3 and H4, and mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI). Three datasets with varying degrees of data or taxon inclusion were used for phylogenetic analyses and both maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methodologies were applied. All but one of the resulting tree topologies from the different optimality criteria agree on the paraphyly of the class Paleonemertea, whereas Heteronemertea, Hoplonemertea, Polystilifera, Monostilifera and Hubrechtidae are always recovered as reciprocally monophyletic. However, Hubrechtidae places sister to Heteronemertea (supporting the Pilidiophora hypothesis) only when variable regions of 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA are excluded; the family places as sister to Hoplonemertea when all data are considered. Moreover, non-Geonemertes terrestrial and freshwater taxa form a well-supported clade and the phylogenetic implications of this are further discussed. Finally, we evaluate the utility of DNA barcoding for specimen identification within Nemertea by investigating the absence or presence of a phylum-wide barcoding gap. Results suggest that DNA barcoding may work for Nemertea, insofar as a distinct barcoding gap may exist, but its recognition is regularly hampered by low accuracy in species-level identifications.} }

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