@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref15086, author = {Paul A. Cox}, title = {Pollination and the evolution of breeding systems in Pandanaceae.}, year = {1990}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden}, volume = {77}, number = {}, pages = {816--840}, abstract = {The Pandanaceae include three genera: Pandanus with 700 species and a large range, Freycinetia with 200 species and a smaller range, and Sararanga with two species and a very limited range. Using Cyclanthaceae, Araceae, and Arecaceae as outgroups, cladistic analysis of Pandanaceae suggests Pandanus and Sararanga to be more closely related to each other than either is to Freycinetia. Data concerning pollination biology and breeding systems are superimposed upon the consensus tree derived from this analysis. Vertebrate pollination and dioecism appear to be ancestral in Pandanaceae, with anemophily in Pandanus and entomophily in Sararanga to be independently derived conditions. Only a few changes in inflorescence morphology were necessary to facilitate these profound changes in pollination syndromes. Dioecism, while perhaps adaptive for vertebrate-pollinated Pandanaceae such as Freycinetia, may have been maladaptive for Pandanus and Sararanga. The ill-effects of dioecism on long.distance dispersal have been partially overcome in Freycinetia by the evolution of leaky dioecy and self-compatibility and largely overcome in Pandanus through the evolution of facultative apomixis. The deleterious effects of dioecism appear to be unmitigated in Sararanga and may lead to its eventual extinction. The interplay of pollination syndromes and breeding systems appears to have strongly influenced range expansion and speciation in the Pandanaceae.} }

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