@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref20579, author = {Kangshan Mao and Richard Milne and Li-Bing Zhang and Yanling Peng and Jianquan Liu and Philip Thomas and Robert R. Mill and Susanne S Renner}, title = {The distribution of living Cupressaceae reflects the breakup of Pangea.}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Ancestral areas reconstruction, gymnosperms, molecular clock, Gondwana, Laurasia, Pangea}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Most extant genus-level radiations in gymnosperms are of Oligocene age or younger, reflecting widespread extinction during climate cooling at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary (~23 million years ago, Ma). Recent biogeographic studies have revealed many instances of long-distance dispersal in gymnosperms, just as in angiosperms. Acting together, extinction and long-distance dispersal are likely to erase historical biogeographic signal. Notwithstanding this problem, we show that phylogenetic relationships in the gymnosperm family Cupressaceae (162 species, 32 genera) exhibit patterns expected from the Jurassic/Cretaceous breakup of Pangea. A phylogeny was generated for 122 representatives covering all genera, using up to 10,000 nucleotides of plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear sequence per species. Relying on 16 fossil calibration points and three molecular dating methods, we show that Cupressaceae originated during the Triassic, when Pangea was intact. Vicariance between the two subfamilies, the Laurasian Cupressoideae and the Gondwanan Callitroideae, occurred around 153 Ma (124-183 Ma), when Gondwana and Laurasia were separating. Three further intercontinental disjunctions, involving the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, are coincidental with, or immediately followed, the breakup of Pangea.} }

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