@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19599, author = {Brian Michael Wiegmann and Michelle Trautwein and Isaac S. Winkler and Norman B Barr and Jung-Wook Kim and Christine Lambkin and Matthew A. Bertone and Brian K. Cassel and Keith M Bayless and Alysha M Heimberg and Benjamin M Wheeler and Kevin J Peterson and Thomas Pape and Bradley Sinclair and Jeffrey H. Skevington and Vladimir Blagoderov and Jason Caravas and Sujatha Narayanan Kutty and Urs Schmidt-Ott and Gail E Kampmeier and F Christian Thompson and David Grimaldi and Andrew T Beckenbach and Gregory W Courtney and Markus Friedrich and Rudolf Meier and David K. Yeates}, title = {Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life}, year = {2011}, keywords = {molecular systematics, phylogenetics, Insecta, adaptive radiation}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1012675108}, url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/03/15/1012675108.abstract?sid=422e6eb2-9043-4259-b0b2-81a2f7de49eb}, pmid = {21402926}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {published ahead of print March 14, 2011}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Flies are one of four superradiations of insects (along with beetles, wasps, and moths) that account for the majority of animal life on Earth. Diptera includes species known for their ubiquity (Musca domestica house fly), their role as pests (Anopheles gambiae malaria mosquito), and their value as model organisms across the biological sciences (Drosophila melanogaster). A resolved phy- logeny for flies provides a framework for genomic, developmen- tal, and evolutionary studies by facilitating comparisons across model organisms, yet recent research has suggested that fly rela- tionships have been obscured by multiple episodes of rapid diver- sification. We provide a phylogenomic estimate of fly relationships based on molecules and morphology from 149 of 157 families, including 30 kb from 14 nuclear loci and complete mitochondrial genomes combined with 371 morphological characters. Multiple analyses show support for traditional groups (Brachycera, Cyclor- rhapha, and Schizophora) and corroborate contentious findings, such as the anomalous Deuterophlebiidae as the sister group to all remaining Diptera. Our findings reveal that the closest relatives of the Drosophilidae are highly modified parasites (including the wingless Braulidae) of bees and other insects. Furthermore, we use micro-RNAs to resolve a node with implications for the evolution of embryonic development in Diptera. We demonstrate that flies experienced three episodes of rapid radiation?lower Diptera (220 Ma), lower Brachycera (180 Ma), and Schizophora (65 Ma)?and a number of life history transitions to hematophagy, phytophagy, and parasitism in the history of fly evolution over 260 million y.} }

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