@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref14796, author = {Philomena Bodensteiner and Manfred Binder and David S. Hibbett}, title = {Phylogenetic diversity of cyphelloid fungi in the euagarics clade}, year = {2004}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {The homobasidiomycetes includes the mushroom-forming fungi. Members of the homobasidiomycetes produce the largest, most complex fruiting bodies in the fungi, such as gilled mushrooms ("agarics"), polypores, and puffballs. The homobasidiomycetes also includes species that produce minute, cup- or tube-shaped "cyphelloid" fruiting bodies, which rarely exceed 1-2 mm diameter. The goal of this study was to estimate the phylogenetic placements of cyphelloid fungi within the homobasidiomycetes. Sequences of nuclear large subunit (nuc-lsu) ribosomal DNA (rDNA), 5.8S rDNA, and internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 were obtained from 31 isolates of cyphelloid fungi and 16 isolates of other homobasidiomycetes, and combined with published sequences. In total, 46 isolates of cyphelloid fungi were included, representing 16 genera. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses of a 1477-sequence dataset and BLAST searches using sequences of cyphelloid forms as queries were used to identify taxa that could be close relatives of cyphelloid forms. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses of one dataset with 209 isolates represented by nuc-lsu rDNA sequences (analyzed with parsimony) and another with 38 isolates represented by nuc-lsu and 5.8S rDNA sequences (analyzed with parsimony and maximum likelihood) indicated that cyphelloid forms represent a polyphyletic assemblage of reduced agarics (euagarics clade, Agaricales). Unconstrained topologies suggest that there have been about 10-12 origins of cyphelloid forms, but evaluation of constrained topologies with the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test suggest that somewhat more parsimonious scenarios cannot be rejected. Whatever their number, the independent origins of cyphelloid forms represent striking cases of parallel evolutionary reduction.} }

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