@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref23431, author = {Hsiu-Chin Lin}, title = {Dwarf male evolution in thoracican barnacles: Diverse attachment sites and extreme morphological variation is explained by multiple independent origins.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {dwarf male, Scalpellidae, androdioecy, deep-sea}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Cirripedes (barnacles) are exceptional in having several sexual systems (androdioecy, hermaphroditism, dioecy) and a high morphological diversity of the males, which are always minute (dwarf males) compared to their female or hermaphrodite partners. We use a multiple DNA marker-based phylogeny to reconstruct for the first time the evolution of dwarf male morphology, their settlement position and the sexual system in thoracican barnacles. Our taxon sampling comprised species with diverse sexual systems and dwarf male morphologies and was especially rich in the rare deep-sea Scalpelliformes. The ancestral thoracican barnacle may have had dwarf males as in the basally diverging Ibliformes. But the males were subsequently lost and then evolved again at least five times from purely hermaphroditic ancestors to enhance mating success, in each case correlated to the invasion into habitats with low mating group sizes. An independent evolution of dwarf males in Ibla, Calanticidae, Chelonibia, Lepadomorpha and Scalpellidae dovetails with males of these lineages having different morphologies and occurring in several different locations on their sexual partner. Within the Calanticidae, it appears that there is an upward translocation of dwarf males from the stalk to the supra-rostral position of the large sexual partner. } }

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