@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref16064, author = {Takao Kasuga and Tom J White and Gina L Koenig and Juan McEwen and Angela Restrepo and Elizabetha Castaneda and Carlos da Silva Lacaz and Elisabeth M Heins-Vaccari and Roseli S de Freitas and Rosely M Zancope-Oliveira and Zhenyu Qin and Ricardo Negroni and Dee A. Carter and Yuzuru Mikami and Miki Tamura and Maria Lucia Taylor and Georgina F Miller and Natteewan Poonwan and John W. Taylor}, title = {Phylogeography of the Fungal Pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum.}, year = {2003}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Until recently, Histoplasma capsulatum was believed to harbor three varieties; var. capsulatum (chiefly a New World human pathogen), var. duboisii (an African human pathogen) and var. farciminosum (an Old World horse pathogen), which varied in clinical manifestations and geographical distribution. We analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of 137 individuals representing the three varieties from six continents using DNA sequence variation in four independent protein-coding genes. At least eight clades were identified: (1) North American class 1 clade, (2) North American class 2 clade, (3) Latin American group A clade, (4) Latin American group B clade, (5) Australian clade, (6) Netherlands (Indonesian?) clade, (7) Eurasian clade, and (8) African clade. Seven of eight clades represented genetically isolated groups that may be recognized as phylogenetic species. The sole exception was the Eurasian clade, which originated from within the Latin American group A clade. The phylogenetic relationships among the clades made a star phylogeny. H. capsulatum var. capsulatum individuals were found in all eight clades. The African clade included all of the H. capsulatum var. duboisii individuals, as well as individuals of the other two varieties. The thirteen individuals of var. farciminosum were distributed among three phylogenetic species. These findings suggest that the three varieties of Histoplasma are phylogenetically meaningless. Instead we have to recognize the existence of genetically distinct geographical populations or phylogenetic species. Combining DNA substitution rates of protein-coding genes with the phylogeny suggests that the radiation of Histoplasma started between three and thirteen million years ago in Latin America.} }

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