@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19906, author = {Caroline Souffreau and Heroen Verbruggen and Alexander P. Wolfe and Pieter Vanormelingen and Peter A. Siver and Eileen J. Cox and David G. Mann and Bart Van de Vijver and Koen Sabbe and Wim Vyverman}, title = {A time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny of the diatom genus Pinnularia }, year = {2011}, keywords = {Molecular phylogenetics; relaxed molecular clock; fossil record; raphid diatoms; Pinnularia; Bacillariophyceae; Eocene}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2011.08.031}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {866--879}, abstract = {Pinnularia is an ecologically important and species-rich genus of freshwater diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) having considerable variation in frustule morphology. Interspecific evolutionary relationships were inferred for 36 Pinnularia taxa using a five-locus dataset. A range of fossil taxa, including newly-discovered Middle Eocene forms of Pinnularia, was used to calibrate a relaxed molecular clock analysis and investigate the temporal aspects of the genus' diversification. The multigene approach resulted in a well-resolved phylogeny of three major clades and several subclades that were frequently, but not universally, delimited by valve morphology. The sister genus Caloneis was not recovered as monophyletic, confirming that, as currently delimited, this genus is not evolutionarily meaningful and should be merged with (parts of) Pinnularia. The Pinnularia-Caloneis complex is estimated to have diverged between the Upper Cretaceous and the early Eocene, implying a ghost range of at least 10 million year (Ma) in the fossil record.} }

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