@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref21010, author = {Melissa R. Bodner and Wayne P. Maddison}, title = {The biogeography and age of salticid spider radiations (Araneae: Salticidae)}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Phylogeny; Biogeography; Salticidae; Saltafresia; Thiratoscirtinae}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2012.06.005}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.06.005}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Globally distributed, jumping spiders (Salticidae) are species-rich and morphologically diverse. Recent 24 molecular phylogenetic work has revealed that major clades are largely isolated to particular continental 25 regions, suggesting their radiations postdated Mesozoic continental break up, but corroboration from 26 a multi-gene time-calibrated phylogeny has been lacking, and an important tropical forest region, Central 27 and West Africa, has been largely unsampled. Newly sampled species, many from Gabon, were included 28 among taxa sequenced for the genes 28s, Actin 5C, 16sND1, and CO1. Likelihood and Bayesian analyses 29 show that most of the Gabonese species from forest habitats fall into a single large clade, which we name 30 the Thiratoscirtinae (new subfamily), within the broader Aelurilloida. The aelurilloids, together with the 31 plexippoids, euophryines, heliophanines and smaller groups (e.g. Leptorchestae, Hasarieae, Philaeus 32 group, Salticus), form a large clade that we name the Saltafresia. Most saltafresian diversification appears 33 to have occured in Afro-Eurasia, with the exception of the euophryines (largely Neotropical, Australasian 34 and Southeast Asian) and two radiations in the New World (Habronattus, freyines). Using Bayesian 35 relaxed molecular-clock methods, calibrated by amber fossil data and a geological constraint, we 36 estimate that most recent common ancestor of the family occurred 47?57 million years ago, when the 37 continents would have already separated substantially. The Salticoida is dated to 41?50 million years, 38 and its four major subclades Amycoida, Astioida, Marpissoida, and Saltafresia are each dated to 29?44 39 million years. By these inferred dates, salticids were radiating while the earth was warmer than today, 40 with expanded megathermal forests and, most likely, diverse insect herbivores. Our phylogeny indicates 41 mixing of radiating faunas from isolated regions has been limited, yet some long-range dispersal events, 42 such as the arrival of the genus Habronattus to the New World, have occurred. Four African species for- 43 merly in Viciria are moved to Telamonia, establishing the new combinations Telamonia besanconi (Berland 44 and Millot), Telamonia fuscimana (Simon), Telamonia longiuscula (Thorell), Telamonia thoracica (Thorell). 45 The Marpissoida is expanded to include the Ballinae.} }

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