@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref17260, author = {Nina R?nsted and G. D. Weiblen and James M. Cook and Nicolas Salamin and C. A. Machado and Vincent Savolainen}, title = {60 million years of co-divergence in the fig-wasp symbiosis}, year = {2005}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Figs (Ficus; ca. 750 species) and fig wasps (Agaoninae) are obligate mutualists: all figs are pollinated by agaonines that feed exclusively on figs. This extraordinary symbiosis is the most extreme example of specialization in a plant-pollinator interaction and has fuelled much speculation about co-divergence. The hypothesis that pollinator specialization led to the parallel diversification of fig and pollinator lineages (co-divergence) has so far not been tested due to the lack of robust and comprehensive phylogenetic hypotheses for both partners. We produced and combined the most comprehensive molecular phylogenies to date with fossil data to generate independent age estimates for fig and pollinator lineages, using both nonparametric rate smoothing and penalized likelihood dating methods. Identifying ten pairs of congruent clades, we thereby provide the first and unparalleled example of plant-insect co-divergence over geological times, and for at least the past 60 million years.} }

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