@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref32027, author = {Pedro W. Crous and Lorenzo Lombard and Marcelo Sandoval-Denis and Keith Seifert and Hans-Josef Schroers and Priscila Chaverri and Josepa Gene and Josep Guarro and Yuuri Hirooka and Konstanze Bensch and Gert H J Kema and Sandra C Lamprecht and Lei Cai and Amy Y Rossman and Marc Stadler and Richard Summerbell and John W. Taylor and Sebastian Ploch and Cobus Meyer Visagie and Neriman Yilmaz and Jens C Frisvad and A.M. Abdel-Azeem and Jafar Abdollahzadeh and A. Abdolrasouli and Alex Akulov and J F Alberts and Joao Ara?jo and Hiran Ariyawansa and Mounes Bakhshi and Mika Bendiksby and A Ben Hadj Amor and Jadson DP Bezerra and Teun Boekhout and Marcos P.S. C?mara and M. Carbia and Gianluigi Cardinali and Rafael F. Casta?eda Ruiz and Adriana Celis and Vishnu Chaturvedi and Jerome Collemare and Daniel Croll and Ulrike Damm and cony decock and Ronald P. de Vries and Chibundu N. Ezekiel and Xinlei Fan and Norma B. Fern?ndez and Ester Gaya and C. D. Gonz?lez and David Gramaje and Johannes (Ewald) Zacharias Groenewald and Martin Grube and Marcela Isabel Guevara-Suarez and V. K. Gupta and Vladimiro Guarnaccia and A. Haddaji and Ferry Hagen and D. Haelewaters and Karen Hansen and Akira Hashimoto and Margarita Hern?ndez-Restrepo and Jos Houbraken and Vit Hubka and Kevin D Hyde and T. Iturriaga and Rajesh Jeewon and Peter Johnston and ?eljko Jurjević and Iskender Karalti and Lise Korsten and Eiko E Kuramae and Ivana Ku?an and Roman Labuda and Daniel Paul Lawrence and H. B. Lee and Christian Lechat and H. Y. Li and Y. A. Litovka and Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura and Yasmina Marin-Felix and Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou and Neven Matočec and Alistair Ross McTaggart and P. Mlčoch and Laura Mugnai and Chiharu Nakashima and R. Henrik Nilsson and S. R. Noumeur and I. N. Pavlov and M. P. Peralta and Alan JL Phillips and J. I. Pitt and Giancarlo Polizzi and William Quaedvlieg and Kunhiraman C Rajeshkumar and S. Restrepo and A. Rhaiem and J. Robert and Vincent Robert and A. M. Rodrigues and Catalina Salgado-Salazar and Robert A Samson and Ana Carla da Silva Santos and Roger G. Shivas and Cristina Maria Souza-Motta and G. Y. Sun and Wijnand J Swart and S. Szoke and Yu Pei Tan and J. E. Taylor and Paul W.J. Taylor and Patricia V. Tiago and Kalman Zolt?n V?czy and Natalie van de Wiele and Nicolaas A Van der Merwe and Gerard J.M. Verkley and Willie Anderson dos Santos Vieira and Alfredo Vizzini and Bevan S Weir and Nalin Wijayawardene and Jiwen W. Xia and M. J. Ya?ez-Morales and Andrey Yurkov and Juan Carlos Zamora and Rasoul Zare and Chulong Zhang and Marco Thines}, title = {Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell}, year = {2021}, keywords = {multi-gene phylogeny, mycotoxins, Nectriaceae, Neocosmospora, novel taxa, pathogen, taxonomy.}, doi = {10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100116}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Studies in Mycology}, volume = {98}, number = {}, pages = {1--184}, abstract = {Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org).} }

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